Econ 212G final essay Lee Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Econ 212G last Lee - Essay Example (SOURCE 1) This theory by Charles Tiebout isn't without numerous reactions that were voiced against it and radiating from various wellsprings of the field of financial matters. Likely, the most significant of those (reactions) is the way that, the theory is in all out disagreement with the standard of value. This guideline earnestly expresses that equivalent chances of development and thriving should be given to all the individuals. What's more, Tiebout Hypothesis is oppositely inverse to that, as it underpins the nearness of merchandise and benefits, and duties, complying with the financial premiums of a specific area of a province’s people. The second analysis that has been leveled against the speculation is that, it has gone to the supposition that individuals can advantageously continue moving between different zones, until they distinguish an area supporting their inclinations. The genuine situation is the declaration to the way that, steady versatility for a significant piece of the populace isn't as simple as expressed by Charles Tiebout. For the greater part of the individuals, the budgetary ramifications of incessant voyaging are too far in the red, also the colossal endeavors and time engaged with it. In a situation relevant to this model, as the quantity of individuals being profited by the products and ventures enlists a fast increment, the pace of upgrade of related expenses likewise shows a quick ascent. The undeniable result of this being, a noteworthy piece of the province’s masses would be hindered by the disturbing significant expenses, and they would then resume their quest for greener fields (minimal effort zones). (SOURCE 1) Last however not the slightest bit the least, is the way that the Tiebout Model neglects to address the previously mentioned part of effectiveness, from another edge. As the expenses of merchandise and ventures show a fast ascent, it has been seen that numerous individuals would be constrained

Principles of Macroeconomics Essay

An expansion of government buys happens after an ascent in total yield and work. This will in general animate the economy, individuals at that point will in general purchase more and spare less. In this way, it results to a higher importation than exportation, known as the exchange deficiency. The spending shortage expands the outer deficiencies in light of the fact that the fares don't proportionately increment to stabilizer increment imports. This clarifies an enormous spending shortage raises local loan fees and the conversion standard. With a higher swapping scale the household items turns out to be progressively costly and remote merchandise less expensive. Consequently, the import increments while trade diminishes. Coming about, the exchange shortfall to be broadened. Subsequently, to help drive the exchange and current record of the equalization of installments into shortage there is a mix of a higher loan fee and a more grounded cash. In any case, to guard that the spending deficiencies for the most part results from tax breaks that will in general decrease both open incomes and open sparing; numerous specialists have supported the Ricardian comparability theory. By and by, these tax breaks are powerful on decreasing open investment funds and developing the spending deficiency, proportionally they increment private sparing by sum. Nonetheless, Ricardo’s lack of bias speculation suggested that the private area sees spending shortages as open venture and treats open and private venture as immaculate substitutes. How do the CPI and the GDP deflator contrast? For what reason do financial experts accept that the CPI exaggerates the pace of expansion? Is this a significant issue? CPI is an exact proportion of swelling. At the point when the value crate goes up so does the CPI. It is restricted to what it measures. It just measure the costs of the merchandise and enterprises bought by the urban purchasers which is about 60% of the all out creation of the economy while on the opposite the GDP deflator gauges the all out creation in the economy. It likewise permits to appear in the deflator the as individuals react to evolving costs. With this methodology, the GDP deflator is being bounce back forward-thinking consumption designs. Notwithstanding that CPI just measure about 60% of the absolute creation, it assists individuals with giving the thought how it influences them since it quantifies the kind of merchandise they purchase. Also, it comes out month to month and accessible whenever. With the recorded examination, more often than not the CPI and GDP value deflator had a similar swelling rate, and when there is a distinction, they don't contrast a lot. Be that as it may, if the CPI varies from the GDP deflator, it is just by a small amount of a rate point, even so this could be significant for some financial strategy choice. Numerous financial analysts accept that CPI exaggerates the rate expansion since they feel that CPI is definitely not a decent pointer of a present swelling. As indicated by David Ranson, a U. S. financial specialist, a superior marker of current swelling would be increments in the cost of items on the grounds that at first expansion influences product costs and it will most likely take quite a while for this ware expansion to work its way through an economy and be reflected in the CPI. It's anything but a significant issue insofar as one is utilizing whichever measure is fitting for their discoveries. Reference Quantcrunch Tutor (April 2009 ) Q&A in Macroeconomics http://qainmacroeconomics. blogspot. com/2009_04_01_archive. html

Paper Example Public speaking

Paper Example Public speaking Paper Example: Public speaking I Introduction A. Attention Getter: Martin Luther King was a man famous for his work in writing long and intricate literature to better showcase the plight of the African American people who in his time were oppressed heavily in the United States. He is known as one of the greatest if not the greatest speech writers as well as deliberators of all time. B. Relevance: The speech is quite relevant because it informs people of the incredibly crucial meaning of everything that King had ever written and all the work that he has done. Furthermore, it is relevant because it shows people the aspects of King’s life’s work that made him so credible and well received. It is in that sense a lesson of good manners in deliberation. C. Credibility: Martin Luther King is one of the most famous activists and preachers of equality of the past century. He is a very well established icon whose credibility precedes him. D. Central Idea: King contributed to the world by showing that one can rebel against an unfair regime without resorting to violence even once. E. Preview: Within this speech, I will show the evidence of King’s contribution to international society as well as his contribution to humanity as a whole. Transition: Martin Luther King is a renowned spokesman of free speech, human rights, freedom and peaceful conduct. He will be remembered for all the fine work he had done towards eliminating racism across the United States. In Part (A.) I will discuss his work as a writer while in part (B.) I will discuss his active participation in battling against racism. II. Body: A. Main point/process No.1: a. Martin Luther King’s writing: His writing is simply one of the best types of writing in the world, due to it being entirely unbiased and always backed up by facts. He always made sure that his writing was justified and fair, making sure that any writer could understand and empathize with him. b. His Influence: Thanks to his eloquence and overall understanding of the world, he managed to write such speeches, essays and letters that were so effective that they effectively convinced the opposition of his views. Transition: Having reviewed the contribution of King in writing and literature, I must also speak of his active participation in anti-racism activism. B. Main Point/Process No. 2: a. Protests: King had been a part of many protests during his life, all of them absolutely peaceful. He was known for these protests because they always took the form of peaceful marches, which was something that the government of the time wanted to peg as hostile but could not. This did not stop them from imprisoning him frequently, but he was never charged with anything in particular and he always complained about his punishment in a way that eventually led to his release. b. The Passive Approach: King did not simply protest to the unrighteous fallacies of his country. He explained them to the government so that they could make those conclusions for themselves. c. Legacy: King’s legacy lives on in every American man, woman and child, but also in any citizen of the world who feels oppressed by hatred and anger. Transition: King’s contribution to the world can be summed up to his revolutionary way of speaking that includes convincing your opponent of your own argument by taking his side and speaking from his perspective. Furthermore, his contribution is of course largely composed of all the work that he did towards ending racism in the US. III. Conclusion A. I conclude that King is one of the greatest men of our history and his work should be both remembered and studied. Furthermore, I believe that people should feel encouraged to act more like King. B. King also set the standard for peaceful opposition which can completely replace active conflict towards building a perfect society. If this does happen, then one day, the world will actually become a perfect place, void of hatred and anger.

Leonard Susskind - Theoretical Physicist

In 1962, Leonard Susskind earned a B.A. in physics from City College of New York after transitioning from his plan to get a degree in engineering. He earned his Ph.D. in 1965 from Cornell University. Dr. Susskind worked at Yeshiva University as an Associate Professor from 1966 to 1979, with a year at University of Tel Aviv from 1971 to 1972, before becoming a Professor of Physics at Stanford University in 1979, where he remains to this today. He was awarded the Felix Bloch Professorship of Physics since the year 2000. String Theory Insights Probably one of Dr. Susskinds most profound accomplishments is that hes credited as one of the three physicists who independently realized, back in the 1970s, that a certain mathematical formulation of particle physics interactions seemed to represent oscillating springs ... in other words, hes considered one of the fathers of string theory. He has done extensive work within string theory, including the development of a matrix-based model. Hes also responsible for one of the more recent discoveries in the exploration of theoretical physics, the holographic principle, which many, including Susskind himself, believe will provide great insights into how string theory applies to our universe. In addition, in 2003 Susskind coined the term string theory landscape to describe the set of all physically possible universes that could have come into being under our understanding of the laws of physics. (At present, this could contain as many as 10500 possible parallel universes.) Susskind is a strong proponent of applying reasoning based upon the anthropic principle as a valid means to evaluate which physical parameters its possible for our universe to have. Black Hole Information Problem One of the most troubling aspects of black holes is that when something falls into one, it is lost to the universe forever. In the terms that physicists use, information is lost ... and that isnt supposed to happen. When Stephen Hawking developed his theory that black holes actually radiated an energy known as Hawking radiation, he believed that this radiation would be insufficient to actually resolve the problem. The energy radiating out from the black hole under his theory would not contain enough information to fully describe all of the matter that fell into the black hole, in other words. Leonard Susskind disagreed with this analysis, believing quite strongly that the conservation of information was so important to the underlying foundations of quantum physics that it could not be violated by black holes. Ultimately, the work in black hole entropy and Susskinds own theoretical work in developing the holographic principle have helped to convince most physicists - including Hawking himself - that a black hole would, over the course of its lifetime, emit radiation that contained the full information about everything that ever fell into it. Thus most physicists now believe that no information is lost in black holes. Popularizing Theoretical Physics Over the last few years, Dr. Susskind has become more well-known among lay audiences as a popularizer of advanced theoretical physics topics. He has written the following popular books on theoretical physics: The Cosmic Landscape: String Theory and the Illusion of Intelligent Design (2005) - This book presents Susskinds view of how string theory predicts a vast string theory landscape and how the anthropic principle can be applied to evaluate the various physical properties of our universe against all of the assorted possibilities. This is described above in the string theory section.The Black Hole War: My Battle with Stephen Hawking to Make the World Safe for Quantum Mechanics (2008) - In this book, Susskind describes the black hole information problem (described above), framed as an intriguing narrative about a disagreement within the theoretical physics community ... one which has taken decades to resolve.The Theoretical Minimum: What You Need to Know to Start Doing Physics with George Hrabovsky (2013) - A math-based introduction to the fundamental concepts within classical mechanics, such as conservation of energy and symmetries in physical laws, which is intended to lay the groundwor k for what someone would need to know to proceed to the next level in physics. This is based on lectures that are available online, as described below. In addition to his books, Dr. Susskind has presented a series of lectures that are available online through both iTunes and YouTube ... and which provide the basis of The Theoretical Minimum. Here is a list of the lectures, in roughly the order that I would recommend viewing them, along with links to where you can view the videos for free: Classical Mechanics (YouTube) - A 10-lecture series focusing on the fundamentals of classical mechanicsThe Theoretical Minimum: Quantum Mechanics (YouTube) - A 10-lecture series that tries to understand what physicists know about quantum mechanicsSpecial Relativity (YouTube) - A 10-lecture series explaining Einsteins theory of special relativityGeneral Relativity (YouTube) - A 10-lecture series that lays out the modern theory of gravity: general relativityParticle Physics: Standard Model (YouTube) - A 9-lecture series focusing on the Standard Model of particle physicsCosmology (YouTube) - A 3-lecture series focusing on what we know and understand about the history and structure of our universeString Theory and M-Theory (YouTube) - A 10-lecture series focusing on the fundamentals of string theory and M-TheoryTopics in String Theory (YouTube) - A 9-lecture series focusing on the fundamentals of string theory and M-Theory As you may have noticed, some of the themes repeat between lecture series, such as the two different lecture sets on string theory, so you shouldnt need to watch them all if there are redundancies ... unless you really want to.

The 5 Best French Verb Reference Books

The Tragic Tragedy Of Sophocles Oedipus The King

The Tragic Hero Tragedy deals with unexpected or unfortunate events that usually results in negative outcomes that affects the downfall of the main character in a play. Tragedy within Greek drama incorporates the time within the their lifestyle of religious and superstitions. Greek writers use tragedy as a theme in literature because it represents their civilization. Sophocles uses this theme in his dramatic plays because the audience is able to correspond to the story line. It allows the audience to relate and be able to feel vulnerable and let go of all the feelings such as sadness, anger, fear or pity. A Greek tragedy symbolizes the ability of a man or hero that has no control over the destiny God intended him to have. In Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, he illustrates Oedipus as a hero who encounters a tragic end. When Oedipus was born, the prophecy predicted that he would murder his father and marry his mother. His parents wanted to avoid his destiny by leaving him to die on a mountain. A sh epherd found Oedipus who then gave him to the King and Queen of Corinth. They took him in and raised him as their own. Apollo told Oedipus what the out come of his destiny would be and did not want to face his fate so he left the city of Corinth, not knowing the king and queen of Corinth were his foster parents. He was seen as a hero because he saved the city of Thebes from the curse that was created by the Sphinx by solving its riddle. It was not until the city of Thebes broke out in aShow MoreRelated tragoed Oedipus as the Ideal Tragic Hero of Oedipus the King (Oedipus Rex)1217 Words   |  5 PagesOedipus as the Ideal Tragic Hero of Oedipus the King In the introduction to Sophocles Oedipus the King, Sophocles defines a tragic hero as one who [behaves] admirably as a man, [but who] is nevertheless tripped up by forces beyond his control and understanding... (Sophocles 76).   In Oedipus the King, Oedipus is the tragic hero. The force that trips up the hero is fate, or, moira. It is Oedipuss actions that set the events into motion,   but it is ultimately his fate, and his attemptedRead MoreOedipus As A Tragic Hero1094 Words   |  5 PagesIn the play Oedipus the King, Oedipus struggles to accept the truth and lets his temper over power him. He can be displayed as a tragic hero. His refusal to accept the truth led to Oedipus’ down fall. A tragic hero, as defined by Aristotle, â€Å"is a literary character who makes a judgment error that inevitably leads to his/her own destruction.† Sophocles’ Oedipus exemplifies Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero. In the play, Oedipus unknowingly has cursed the entire town of Thebes. He was cursedRead MoreEssay on Oedipus: The Reign of a Tragic Hero1266 Words   |  6 PagesWithout knowing what Greek theater was all about, how can someone expect to truly understand a tragic play and the history it comes with? The history behind the character of Oedipus, in the play Oedipus the King, is very complicated. His intricate past dealing with prophecies, family members, and murder is the main focus of the story. There are many characteristics that complete Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero; these being the presence of hamartia and peripeteia, a sense of self-awareness, theRead MoreDeconstructing Tragedy And The Definition Of The Protagonist’S1173 Words   |  5 PagesDeconstructing Tragedy and the Definition of the Protagonist’s Innocence In Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex, Oedipus meets the Aristotelian definition of a tragic hero as divine fate and tragic flaws lead to his downfall. Oedipus’s tragic flaws like hubris, curiosity, and anger, contribute to his unfortunate fate. The components of a perfect tragedy as defined in Aristotle’s Poetics are at the center of Oedipus Rex. The play contains the elements of a perfect tragedy such asRead MoreOedipus : The King Of Thebes And Tragic Hero Essay728 Words   |  3 PagesOedipus: The King of Thebes and Tragic Hero Ancient Greek Literature encompasses an assortment of poetry and drama to include the great masterpieces of tragedy. In Classic Literature, tragedies were commonly known for their elaboration of a protagonist fitting the classification of a tragic hero. This type of a tragic hero often collectively described as a character of noble birth, facing an adversity of some nature and a fate of great suffering. The characteristics of what encompassed a tragic heroRead MoreOedipus As A Tragic Hero1724 Words   |  7 Pagesthe story of Oedipus, Oedipus is considered a â€Å"Tragic Hero† because of the tragic fate and effect that he had upon his life. My definition of a tragedy is a great loss that has a unhappy ending to which concluded me to state that Oedipus falls under that category. Throughout the book, Oedipus is leading himself to his own destruction when trying to find the killer of the late King Laios. So when a journal article I found published by The John Hopkins University Press stated that a â€Å"tragic hero is aRead MoreOedipus-a Tragic Hero706 Words   |  3 PagesRunning head: Oedipus-A Tragic Hero Research Paper ENGL 102: Literature and Composition) Fall 2015 Melinda Meeds L26683811 APA Outline Thesis: In Sophocles’ â€Å"Oedipus†, Oedipus is exemplified as a tragic hero according to Aristotle’s definition because his story appeals to the reader’s humanity in the way he maintains his strengths after inadvertently causing his own downfall. I. Oedipus A. The noble birth. B. Describe Oedipus’ character. II. Tragedy A. DescribeRead MoreOedipus Tyrannus, A Tragic Hero. Summary: . Context. Oedipus1391 Words   |  6 PagesOedipus Tyrannus, a Tragic Hero Summary: Context Oedipus Tyrannus is a Greek tragedy that was first performed as a play in 429 BCE. The setting of the play is in Thebes, one of Greece’s city states that is suffering from a tragic plague. King Oedipus’s brother in-law; Creon, reports back from the oracle of Apollo that the plague would only be lifted if the murderer of his predecessor; King Laius, is found and brought to justice. Before the whole city of Thebes, Oedipus vows to apprehend and punishRead MoreOedipus And His Tragic Traits. In Sophocles Play Oedipus1017 Words   |  5 PagesOedipus and His Tragic Traits In Sophocles play Oedipus the King, Sophocles depicts the horrible fate of Oedipus, a pompous, arrogant young ruler. The story begins in the Greek town of Thebes. A plague has descended upon the Thebians causing death and famine throughout the land. Oedipus, being the heroic king, takes full responsibility to find out the cause of their aliments. While working to discover the source of the plague, Oedipus stumbles upon the tragic truth of his heritage and the horrifyingRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Oedipus The King987 Words   |  4 PagesWhile exemplifying the high estate, noble character, and flawed nature of Aristotle’s tragic hero, Oedipus fails to have a personal mistake become his undoing, hence denying him the status of Aristotle’s tragic hero. A key criteria of Aristotle’s tragic hero is that he or she comes from high estate, such as a royal family. Aristotle’s definition of the tragic hero is well thought out in this manner. High status is important as it gives the character a long way to fall (Kennedy Gioia, 2013). This

Ioc outline poetry Essay Example For Students

Ioc outline poetry Essay Underneath each of the points below type your notes In blue font. Your analysis of tone and stylistic devices must be done in a stanza-by-stanza or line- by -line fashion, in as much detail as possible. Avoid robotic comments and consider how and why as you develop your analysis. Introduction 1 . State your full name, course. Level, and the school you attend 2. State the title of the poem as well as the full name of the poet 3. Conceptualize the poem into the larger body of works (mention the larger collection title, year of publication; address a ewe general characteristics of the poets style and how this particular poem would fit into that) 4. Provide a brief synopsis of the poem. What is it about? 5. Identify the speaker? Is it the poet himself? How do you know? 6. State the theme and message of the poem (are there links you can make to other poems In the collection? ) 7. State your 3-prong thesis statement that should revolve around either message or theme. The three prongs must be tone, stylistic devices, and structure. Tone 1. Provide a stanza-by-stanza or line-by-line analysis. 2. Address overall tone 3. For each point, make sure you provide a full, relevant quote, followed by line number. 4. Analyze each quote by addressing: a. What is revealed about the speaker and/or the characters in the poem b. What is the effect on the reader c. Relevance to the theme and message of the poem as you identified them in your thesis statement Stylistic Devices 1 . Provide a stanza-by-stanza or line-by-line analysis. 2. For each point, make sure you provide a full, relevant quote, followed by line number. 3. Analyze each quote by addressing: a. What Is revealed about the speaker and/or the characters In the poem b. What Is Structural Elements and message of the poem. 2. Address the rhyme scheme of the poem and discuss relevance as above. 3. Address enjambments and/or caesuras with specific quotes followed by line numbers. Again, address relevance as above. 4. Are there other structural elements: contrast, Juxtaposition, parallelism, etc. Again, address relevance.

The Human Genome Project Essays - Genomics, Genetics,

The Human Genome Project title = The Human Genome Project The Human Genome Project, What Is It? What would you do if you were given the power to change your genetic code from brown hair to blond?. Man has had this ability through natural selection for some time without knowing it, but in the near future scientist will be able to speed the process of natural selection by changing a persons genes. Scientists have identified what constitutes human DNA located in the nucleus of a cell. The Human Genome Project was established to identify the genes that make us who we are and is now an international organization. The massive task of identifying the numerous gene combinations has created a problem. In the nucleus are 22 genomes, plus two sex chromosomes which have already been identified. In the 22 genome there are approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA which contain 50,000 to 100,000 genes, a basic unit of heredity. The identification of these base pairs is the goal of the Human Genome Project, which started in 1990 and whose job it is to identify the letters or chromosomes in DNA. These letter s represent nulcleotides called adenine, guanine, thyamine, and cytosine (or A, C, T, G). ('92 BSCS pg. 1) The Human Genome Project idea originated in the mid 1980's and was discussed in the scientific community and media through the latter part of that decade. In the United States the combined effort of the Department of Energy and the National Institute of Health were involved in the project planning. (The National Center For Genetic Reasearch) The Human Genome Project has several goals including identifying the genes of a human assessing the genes and comparing human DNA to that of bacteria, yeasts, the fruit fly, mice, and the Arabidopis thaliana, a small genome plant that grows rapidly. A major purpose is to determine how evolution proceeds from lower organisms to humans, and discover why the smaller genomes of animals have less junk or unneeded DNA. Geneticists use two types of maps to characterize the genes they discover--a genetic linkage map and a physical map. A genetic map registers the distance between the fragments of DNA we know according to the frequency with which they are inherited. The physical map measures the actual physical distance between two markers. Scientists want to map and develop technology for rapid genotyping, plus develop markers that are easy to use as well as generate new mapping techniques. (Instrumentation) Scientists can map genes but it is still expensive. One of the ongoing goals of the Human Genome Project is to get the cost of mapping a gene down to 50 cents per base pair. ('92 HSCS pg.3) The enormous information that is and has been generated by the project is used to link sites together around the world through the internet and now some information can be acessed by the general public. Another of the project goals is to create a sequencing capacity at a collective rate of 50 Mb per year. This is supposed to result in the completion of 80 Mb by the end of FY 1998. Many people question whether the Human Genome Project is worth the money spent on it and will it be used negatively toward those who have traits that are considered undesirable by insurance companies and other corporations? The HUMAN GENOME ORGANIZATION has a council of scientists and doctors worldwide who meet to discuss the effects of identifying an individual's genes. In the 1996 Genetics Confidentiality and Nondiscrimmination Act an attempt to addresss this issue as noted in Section 2, " The DNA molecule contain's an individual's genetic information that is uniquely private and inseparate from one's identity. Genetic information is being rapidly sequenced and understood. Genetic information carries special significance. It provides information about one's family, and more importantly, provides information about one's self and and one's self perception." Genetic information has been misused, harming individuals through stigmitization and discrimination. The potential for misuse is tremendous as genetics transcends medicine and has the potential to penetrate many aspects of life including health and life insurance, finance, and education. Experts advocate that genetic information should not be collected, stored, analyzed, nor disclosed without the individual's authorization. Current legal protections for genetic information is, however, inadequate. Uniform rules for collection, storage, and use of DNA samples are needed to protect individual privacy and prevent discrimination while permitting legitimate medical reasearch. The report further states that the reading of a minors DNA should be only with parental or legal guardian consent and only

Crossing Over Lab Genetics Activity

Crossing Over Lab Genetics Activity Genetic diversity is a very important part of evolution. Without different genetics available in the gene pool, species would not be able to adapt to an ever-changing environment and evolve to survive as those changes happen. Statistically, there is no one in the world with your exact same combination of DNA (unless you are an identical twin). This makes you unique. There are several mechanisms that contribute to the large amounts of genetic diversity of humans, and all species, on Earth. Independent assortment of chromosomes during Metaphase I in Meiosis I and random fertilization (meaning, which gamete fuses with a mates gamete during fertilization is randomly selected) are two ways your genetics can be mixed during the formation of your gametes. This ensures that every gamete you produce is different from all of the other gametes you produce. Another way to increase genetic diversity within an individuals gametes is a process called crossing over. During Prophase I in Meiosis I, homologous pairs of chromosomes come together and may exchange genetic information. While this process is sometimes difficult for students to grasp and visualize, it is easy to model using common supplies found in pretty much every classroom or home. The following lab procedure and analysis questions can be used to help those struggling to grasp this idea. Materials 2 different colors of paperScissorsRulerGlue/Tape/Staples/Another attachment methodPencil/Pen/Other writing utensil Procedure Choose two different colors of paper and cut two strips out of each color that are 15 cm long and 3 cm wide. Each strip is a sister chromatid.Place the strips of the same color across each other so they both make an â€Å"X† shape. Secure them in place with glue, tape, staple, a brass fastener, or another method of attachment. You have now made two chromosomes (each â€Å"X† is a different chromosome).On the top â€Å"legs† of one of the chromosomes, write the capital letter â€Å"B† about 1 cm from the end on each of the sister chromatids.Measure 2 cm from your capital â€Å"B† and then write a capital â€Å"A† at that point on each of the sister chromatids of that chromosome.On the other colored chromosome on the top â€Å"legs†, write a lowercase â€Å"b† 1 cm from the end of each of the sister chromatids.Measure 2 cm from your lower case â€Å"b† and then write a lower case â€Å"a† at that point on each of the sister chromatids of that chromosome.Place one sister chromatid of one of the chromosomes over the sister chromatid over the other colored chromosome so that the letter â€Å"B† and â€Å"b† has crossed over. Be sure the â€Å"crossing over† occurs between your â€Å"A†s and â€Å"B†s. Carefully tear or cut the sister chromatids that have crossed over so that you have removed your letter â€Å"B† or â€Å"b† from those sister chromatids.Use tape, glue, staples, or another attachment method to â€Å"swap† the ends of the sister chromatids (so you now end up with a small part of the different colored chromosome attached to the original chromosome).Use your model and prior knowledge about crossing over and meiosis to answer the following questions. Analysis Questions What is â€Å"crossing over†?What is the purpose of â€Å"crossing over†?When is the only time crossing over can occur?What does each letter on your model represent?Write down what letter combinations were on each of the 4 sister chromatids before crossing over happened. How many total DIFFERENT combinations did you have?Write down what letter combinations were on each of the 4 sister chromatids before crossing over happened. How many total DIFFERENT combinations did you have?Compare your answers to number 5 and number 6. Which showed the most genetic diversity and why?

Postmodernism and Metanarratives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Postmodernism and Metanarratives - Essay Example The essay "Postmodernism and Metanarratives" states the postmodernism and discovers our liberation from metanarratives. In the department of American philosophy, postmodernism approach is little accepted to knowledge and truth. A metanarrative is an idea that people think it’s a comprehensive explanation of knowledge or historical experience. It is a global cultural narrative schema that explains and orders experience and knowledge. As used, Meta means â€Å"about â€Å"while a narrative is a story that is built in a fashion that is sequential. A metanarrative is therefore a story that explains a story encompassing other small stories within schemes that are totalizing. This notion, that reality is community oriented, also appeals to very few Christian theologians. Because there is no any universality accepted postmodern philosophy, but there are many, there are few consistent themes that happen to emerge from every mainstream postmodern writer. The many issues surrounding p ostmodernism today leaves us asking ourselves if we have been liberated from metanarratives and if we should be. The main theme of postmodern philosophy is that it denies the objective truth, which is universal. This is well declared in a statement that is so famous, â€Å"incredulity towards metanarrative†. A meatanarrative is a unifying story that tries to tell about the world. People should be skeptical of broad explanations like those ones. The statement, that God so loved the world is treated as nonsensical by postmodernists.

Policy Theory - Disparities and access to healthy food in the United Essay

Policy Theory - Disparities and access to healthy food in the United States - Essay Example also another assumption that political systems in any society are stratified into different groups with some people being the decision makers who directly make the laws and policies. There are others who are influential and play a part in advising the decision makers based on their interests and opinions. Lastly there are the rest of the people who are combined in one large group with minority power and influence despite their numbers. The role of the large group is to implement the decisions made by the decision makers as well as to vote for them otherwise they highly remain to be seen and not heard. In order for the disparity in access to healthy food in the country to be addressed properly and changed, those with the power have to be aware of the issue and should be influenced to use their power to make and amend policies surrounding the issue. In order for this to have, advocacy based on strategy is necessary to ensure that the elite use their power and wealth to target the issue directly. The first of these strategies is to develop relationship with the decision makers or the influential. The influential are bound to raise the issue to the decision makers making them take notice and pass policies (Barker, 2008). It is also important to form alliances with other important partners and especially in the economic sector. They can assist in decision making with the political elite or use their economic power to make the decisions happen in case of any resistance. This may not be easy and the population may need to shift their social norms and accommodate the elite if they are to win them over. In case the decision makers are the political leaders, they may be needed to increase political will towards the leader and strengthen their base of support. This is likely to meet their approval and they may readily make the policy changes. Lastly is to ensure to have evidence in form of research lined up to back the claim for a need for policy change or new policy

Las Meninas Essay Example for Free

Las Meninas Essay The aim of this paper is to analyze Diego Velazquez’s painting â€Å"Las Meninas†, one of the most impressive and controversial art pieces in history. The content and the message of the painting â€Å"Las Meninas† provides much food for thought. On the picture we can see the artist himself as he works at a canvas, but we can’t see what exactly he is painting; he is not alone in the studio. A group of seven is situated in the front part of the studio. Infanta Margarita is in the centre of the group. Infanta is accompanied by two maids of honour; one is serving her a refreshing drink. We also see Margarita’s playmates – a male and female dwarfs; one of them is teasing a sleepy dog. Two grave adults stand slightly farther than Infanta. The interior of the studio is also rendered with great attention and mastery. Velazquez is an unsurpassed master in light and shadow and delicate harmony of colours. There exists a variety of possible interpretations of this brilliant picture. The enigma of â€Å"Las Meninas† is connected with the following question: what painting is Velazquez working at? One of the possible interpretations suggests that the royal couple sits for the portrait, because we see them in the mirror on the opposite wall. But such an explanation contradicts some important facts. From history, King Philip IV and her second wife Marianna do not have any portrait where they would be portrayed together done by Velazquez. Therefore we may consider the hypothesis that Infanta Margarita herself sits for the painting. Velazquez caught the moment when the King and the Queen were entering the room as the mirror restores visibility to that which resides outside our view. Some personages have already noticed them – Infanta Margarita, the maid of honour standing to the right from Infanta and also the painter who interrupted his work to greet the royal couple. The symbolism of the painting is complex. The figures on the painting form a circle which is traditionally considered a symbol of the devotion and service. Scholars believe that a horoscope is concealed in â€Å"Las Meninas† (Vasilakis, 1997). French philosopher and historian Michel Foucault, one of the most influential public figures of the 20th century in European and American intellectual circles, has always been fascinated by the painting. His interest in Velazquez’s â€Å"Las Meninas† is associated with the painting’s preoccupation with exploring two philosophical concepts Foucault explored extensively in his works, namely the concept of the gaze and the concept of representation. The fact that the painter (a self-portrait of Velazquez) is looking at something that is supposed to be invisible to the spectator invites those regarding the painting to apprehend themselves. Thus, spectators are prescribed an active rather than passive role in observing the painting: â€Å"We are observing ourselves being observed by the painter, and made visible to his eyes by the same light that enables us to see him. And just as we are about to apprehend ourselves, transcribed by his hand as though in a mirror, we find that we can in fact apprehend nothing of that mirror but its lustreless back. Foucault’s exploration of the process of observation is based on the interactionist approach to knowledge creation. As OFarrell (2008) informs, â€Å"Foucault uses the word [gaze] to refer to the fact that it is not just the object of knowledge which is constructed but also the knower. † The painting represents spectacle-as-observation, given that the painter and other figures look at the painter’s models that should remain invisible to the spectator. Yet the spectator can see the painter’s models, King Philip IV and his wife, in the mirror that is placed at the wall in the back the room. While spectators can see the figures in the mirror, the painter himself or anyone of his posse are not looking at the mirror, so it remain invisible for them. Foucault (1994) notes that â€Å"[t]here are, it is true, some heads turned away from us in profile: but not one of them is turned far enough to see, at the back of the room, that solitary mirror, that tiny glowing rectangle which is nothing other than visibility, yet without any gaze able to grasp it, to render it actual, and to enjoy the suddenly ripe fruit of the spectacle it offers. † This phrase calls into the question the foundations of solipsism – whether objects actually exist if not regarded, observed, gazed at by a living being. Foucault’s statement that the mirror is not rendered actual by anyone looking at it suggests that the painting implicitly probes the concept of solipsism. The notion of gaze, central to the analysis of the painting, is linked to a variety of other, more substantial philosophical issues. For example, Foucault’s interest in the problem of representation stems from his conviction that representation is inherently linked to knowledge. Las Meninas,† by virtue of its spatial organization, allows application of deconstructive techniques to analyzing the painting itself and critically reflecting on concepts that are employed in this analysis. As Denzin (2007) notes, â€Å"a deconstructive reading engages four paired terms: (1) the real and its representations in a text; (2) text and author; (3) presence and lived experience; (4) subjects and their intentional meanings† (p. 69). The painting offers an opportunity to reflect on all these relationship in order to arrive at the correct judgment about the nature of representation. Foucault believes that Classical representation as defined in pre-Renaissance period based on equating thought and representation (i. e. the process of thinking was defined as using ideas to represent objects) was limited in its inability to explore the real meaning of representation. The problem of the relation between reality and its representations is solved differently under different epistemological regimes. Classical representation implies that the relation between reality and its representations is not the one of resemblance, since there are no characteristics of the idea that are themselves the representation of the object. Classical representation suggests that knowledge means having ideas that represent what a person knows. Descartes in his exploration of representation uses the concept of objective and formal reality for counterpositioning the object in the real world and the idea of that object in human thought. He discusses the sun as an example of interrelation between the two realities: the representation of the sun in human thought is a small two-dimensional circle in the sky, while the formal, or real sun is huge and spherical (Berreitter, 2000). Foucault poses a question of how can humans verify whether representations of objects are adequate. It is an impossible task since for the reason it will require comparing idea with the object independently of its representation. However, humans do not know object – only their representations. As Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2008) informs, â€Å"[t]he only possibility is that the idea itself must make it apparent that it is a representation. The idea represents the very fact that it is a representation. † This is precisely why Foucault (1994) believes in the exceptionality of â€Å"Las Meninas. † Due to the spatial organization of the painting, â€Å"the necessary disappearance of that which is its foundation of the person it resembles and the person in whose eyes it is only a resemblance. This very subject which is the same has been elided. And representation, freed finally from the relation that was im ¬peding it, can offer itself as representation in its pure form. † Therefore, â€Å"Las Meninas† is a unique painting that is able to provoke an in-depth exploration of core philosophical concepts. The fact that the painter is gazing at something that is visible to spectators in the mirror which the figures at the painting do not observe implies that the painting goes beyond the limits of Classical representation and calls for a deconstructive reading of the artwork.

Knowles Separate Peace Essays: Maturity in A Separate Peace

Maturity in A Separate Peace   In A Separate Peace, by John Knowles, the focus spotlight is quickly turned upon Gene Forrester and his maturity through the novel. He expresses his ideas about the many subjects through the book through his position as the novel's narrator. Also, as the book progresses, so does Gene's maturity.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The first chapter of A Separate Peace establishes the character Gene Forrester, who in actuality is a portrayal of John Knowles himself, according to a recent interview. In this establishment of the main character, Gene sets his place as a grown up and fully matured man, looking back on an incident when he was only sixteen years old. He vividly describes Devon High School as he currently saw, and as he remembered from the days of his past. The description provided in this chapter proves to the reader that in the events following this soliloquy, a young character will emerge, and will grow into the man they just read about.   Ã‚  Ã‚   In Chapter Two and Three, Gene develops a close bond with his roommate Finny. However, Gene, develops a sheer envy for Finny, and acknowledges it as the truth. He is extremely envious of the methods in which Finny uses to escape his unconventional actions and his popularity. He doctors himself in self-assurance, by repeatedly telling himself over and over again that having a best friend like Finny is a compliment and should be looked at as an achievement. However, this excuse is transparent of Gene's maturity at this point, portraying a very young, foolish, and selfish young man. It later leads to inner conflict within Gene. During this chapter, Finny and Gene brainstorm and create the Super Suicide Society of the Summer Se... ...orced him to grow up; it has forced him to realize his boyish selfishness and stupidity behind some of his actions. In the last two chapters, Gene depicts to the reader the thought process in which his mind goes through. Especially in Chapter Twelve, where the book draws to the climax of Gene finding meaning to the environment surrounding him.   Ã‚  Ã‚   A great deal of growing and heartfelt thoughts was brought forth by having Gene as the narrator. The reader was allowed to see inside the mind of another human, and see the thought process that went through the young man's head. The realization that the mind controls the mental growth is very strong throughout the whole book, considering the very immature outlook Gene took upon Finny and the events involving Finny, which evolve into carefully thought out remorse that grows into much needed maturity.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Military

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Military Proposal for MSA 685 Project Ronnie Heare Dr. Robert E. Weltzer Jr. Table of Contents Abstract3 Problem Statement4 Purpose of Study4 Literature Review5 Methodology8 References9 Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is becoming an ever increasing problem in today’s military. This disorder is nothing new and has affected veterans from World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War and Desert Shield/Desert Storm.There are particularly good descriptions of posttraumatic stress symptoms in the medical literature on combat veterans of World War II and on Holocaust survivors. (Veterans Affairs Fact Sheet, 2006). But with the many deployments in the past several years to Iraq and Afghanistan, with many soldiers going over for the third or fourth deployments, the pressures mounting on today’s military has become too much for some to handle. The main difference between past wand present wars is the ever in creasing number of women who are seeing combat on the front lines.Women are being tasked to fill more and more lethal combat roles as the war on terror continues and women appear to be more susceptible to PTSD than their male counterparts. Studies indicate that many of these women suffer from more pronounced and debilitating forms of PTSD than men, a worrisome finding in a nation that remembers how many traumatized troops got back from Vietnam and turned to drugs and violence, alcohol and suicide. (Scharnberg, 2005).The government is extremely concerned about this and has begun doing studies on how to combat the lingering effects of this disorder. Half of the women will be treated to long term therapy in which they will relive the traumatic events that led up to PTSD in hopes that their emotional distress will decrease over time and that their memory of the event is no longer traumatic. The other half of the women will be treated with a therapy that will focus on their life now and how to deal with the traumatic event in the present rather than the past.Although the goal of the study is to determine which therapies work best for women suffering from PTSD, experts agree that if the study is conclusive it eventually may be applied to tens of thousands of Iraq war veterans, male and female alike. (Scharnberg, 2005). While many soldiers are receiving help with their disorder, for some, the help comes too late and they are unable to cope or continue with their life. Since combat operations began in March 2003, 45 soldiers have killed themselves in Iraq, and an additional two dozen have committed suicide after returning home, the Army has confirmed. Mclemore, 2005). While these numbers are staggering some experts feel that the worst is yet to come. The problem for some is that they either do not know there is a problem or do not want anyone to know that they have a problem. The Army has recently begun screening of personnel that have recently returned from a deploym ent but that still does not help the thousands who have returned in previous years. According to Veterans Affairs (VA) data, 9. 600 of the 360,000 soldiers discharged after fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan have received a provisional diagnosis of PTSD. Mclemore, 2005). As the military continues to struggle with helping veterans with PTSD, there is another problem that also lingers. Many soldiers are returning to Iraq and Afghanistan with mental illness and given anti-depressants to help with their problems. A 2004 Army report found that up to 17 percent of combat-seasoned infantrymen experienced major depression, anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder after one combat tour to Iraq. Less than 40 percent of them had sought mental-health care. (Rogers, 2006).One problem lies in that many soldiers want to return to combat with their units and as long as they are medically cleared to go then they are permitted to go. The second problem is the medical professional basically being able to predict the future and how the deployment will affect the soldier returning to combat. Had these soldiers been drafted and put on medication and sent back to combat there would have been many questions asked. Since this is an all volunteer Army it is too often assumed that these soldiers will do whatever is asked of them.Think of the ethical questions that would arise from sending draftees back to war on medications. (Rogers, 2006). It is clear that the amount and rate of deployments is not going to slow down in the near future. Until the military, not just the Army, can come up with a way to screen soldiers before and after deployments, there will be a continuous rise in the amount of soldiers suffering from PTSD. Methodology In the research paper I will provide historical as well as statistical data from the previous wars the United States Military has been involved in.I will show how the military has failed to cope with this ever increasing problem and the impact it has had an d will have on the future our military force. It has become obvious that men and women are becoming increasingly wary of entering our Armed Forces today because of the thought of deploying to Iraq, Afghanistan or some other country. I will use data that has already been collected from many sources, Veterans Affairs, military, etc, to substantiate these findings. Until the deployments slow down and we tart taking better care of our veterans this reluctance to join the Armed Forces is not going to get any better. Couple this with the ever decreasing benefits and the unwillingness of the people in charge to ensure that money is made available to care for the traumas of war people will continue to stay away from the military. I will also discuss the differences with PTSD in men and women and the types to therapies being used on both. Finally, the paper will discuss ways that the military can assist and support, not only soldiers with PTSD, but the family members that suffer along with t hem.References Department of Veterans Affairs Homepage. What is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder? [online]. Available: http://www. ncptsd. va. gov/topics/war. html (2006, February 22). Mclemore, David. (2005, Dec 8). For troops, stress a lingering hazard. The Dallas Morning News. Nadelson, Theodore. Damage: War's Awful Aftermath. In Trained to Kill: Soldiers at War, 89-103. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. 191pp. (U21. 5 . N33 2005) Rogers, Rick. (2006, March 19).Some troops headed back to Iraq are mentally ill. The San Diego Union Tribune. Scharnberg, Kirsten. (2005, March 28). Women GIs and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. The Chicago Tribune. U. S. Government Accountability Office. VA Health: VA Should Expedite the Implementation of Recommendations Needed to Improve Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Services. Washington, D. C. : U. S. Government Accountability Office, February 2005. 58pp. Available from http://www. gao. gov/new. items/d05287. pdf. Internet. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Military Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Military Proposal for MSA 685 Project Ronnie Heare Dr. Robert E. Weltzer Jr. Table of Contents Abstract3 Problem Statement4 Purpose of Study4 Literature Review5 Methodology8 References9 Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is becoming an ever increasing problem in today’s military. This disorder is nothing new and has affected veterans from World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War and Desert Shield/Desert Storm.There are particularly good descriptions of posttraumatic stress symptoms in the medical literature on combat veterans of World War II and on Holocaust survivors. (Veterans Affairs Fact Sheet, 2006). But with the many deployments in the past several years to Iraq and Afghanistan, with many soldiers going over for the third or fourth deployments, the pressures mounting on today’s military has become too much for some to handle. The main difference between past wand present wars is the ever in creasing number of women who are seeing combat on the front lines.Women are being tasked to fill more and more lethal combat roles as the war on terror continues and women appear to be more susceptible to PTSD than their male counterparts. Studies indicate that many of these women suffer from more pronounced and debilitating forms of PTSD than men, a worrisome finding in a nation that remembers how many traumatized troops got back from Vietnam and turned to drugs and violence, alcohol and suicide. (Scharnberg, 2005).The government is extremely concerned about this and has begun doing studies on how to combat the lingering effects of this disorder. Half of the women will be treated to long term therapy in which they will relive the traumatic events that led up to PTSD in hopes that their emotional distress will decrease over time and that their memory of the event is no longer traumatic. The other half of the women will be treated with a therapy that will focus on their life now and how to deal with the traumatic event in the present rather than the past.Although the goal of the study is to determine which therapies work best for women suffering from PTSD, experts agree that if the study is conclusive it eventually may be applied to tens of thousands of Iraq war veterans, male and female alike. (Scharnberg, 2005). While many soldiers are receiving help with their disorder, for some, the help comes too late and they are unable to cope or continue with their life. Since combat operations began in March 2003, 45 soldiers have killed themselves in Iraq, and an additional two dozen have committed suicide after returning home, the Army has confirmed. Mclemore, 2005). While these numbers are staggering some experts feel that the worst is yet to come. The problem for some is that they either do not know there is a problem or do not want anyone to know that they have a problem. The Army has recently begun screening of personnel that have recently returned from a deploym ent but that still does not help the thousands who have returned in previous years. According to Veterans Affairs (VA) data, 9. 600 of the 360,000 soldiers discharged after fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan have received a provisional diagnosis of PTSD. Mclemore, 2005). As the military continues to struggle with helping veterans with PTSD, there is another problem that also lingers. Many soldiers are returning to Iraq and Afghanistan with mental illness and given anti-depressants to help with their problems. A 2004 Army report found that up to 17 percent of combat-seasoned infantrymen experienced major depression, anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder after one combat tour to Iraq. Less than 40 percent of them had sought mental-health care. (Rogers, 2006).One problem lies in that many soldiers want to return to combat with their units and as long as they are medically cleared to go then they are permitted to go. The second problem is the medical professional basically being able to predict the future and how the deployment will affect the soldier returning to combat. Had these soldiers been drafted and put on medication and sent back to combat there would have been many questions asked. Since this is an all volunteer Army it is too often assumed that these soldiers will do whatever is asked of them.Think of the ethical questions that would arise from sending draftees back to war on medications. (Rogers, 2006). It is clear that the amount and rate of deployments is not going to slow down in the near future. Until the military, not just the Army, can come up with a way to screen soldiers before and after deployments, there will be a continuous rise in the amount of soldiers suffering from PTSD. Methodology In the research paper I will provide historical as well as statistical data from the previous wars the United States Military has been involved in.I will show how the military has failed to cope with this ever increasing problem and the impact it has had an d will have on the future our military force. It has become obvious that men and women are becoming increasingly wary of entering our Armed Forces today because of the thought of deploying to Iraq, Afghanistan or some other country. I will use data that has already been collected from many sources, Veterans Affairs, military, etc, to substantiate these findings. Until the deployments slow down and we tart taking better care of our veterans this reluctance to join the Armed Forces is not going to get any better. Couple this with the ever decreasing benefits and the unwillingness of the people in charge to ensure that money is made available to care for the traumas of war people will continue to stay away from the military. I will also discuss the differences with PTSD in men and women and the types to therapies being used on both. Finally, the paper will discuss ways that the military can assist and support, not only soldiers with PTSD, but the family members that suffer along with t hem.References Department of Veterans Affairs Homepage. What is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder? [online]. Available: http://www. ncptsd. va. gov/topics/war. html (2006, February 22). Mclemore, David. (2005, Dec 8). For troops, stress a lingering hazard. The Dallas Morning News. Nadelson, Theodore. Damage: War's Awful Aftermath. In Trained to Kill: Soldiers at War, 89-103. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. 191pp. (U21. 5 . N33 2005) Rogers, Rick. (2006, March 19).Some troops headed back to Iraq are mentally ill. The San Diego Union Tribune. Scharnberg, Kirsten. (2005, March 28). Women GIs and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. The Chicago Tribune. U. S. Government Accountability Office. VA Health: VA Should Expedite the Implementation of Recommendations Needed to Improve Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Services. Washington, D. C. : U. S. Government Accountability Office, February 2005. 58pp. Available from http://www. gao. gov/new. items/d05287. pdf. Internet.

The Importance Of A High School Teacher - 2850 Words

All families have been touched by divorce either within the nuclear family or extended family. Unfortunately, within the nuclear family separation and divorce have become an all too common experience for many American children. When divorce happens in a family the ones affected most are the parents and their children. Teachers are also affected by the divorce of their student’s parents as they themselves have a front-seat to the crisis in the family and how it affects their students. As a high school teacher I will be primarily focusing on the adolescent student whose parents are going through a divorce, as this is directly applies to my current position. Working in a high school setting, I unfortunately have limited time getting to know my students over an hour a day as my students have 8 classes a day. However, I do make a point to get to know my students as much as possible. In the case of students going through a traumatic experience like divorce, teachers are seen as the â€Å"first responders† in a situation where a student is exhibiting signs of distress such as the following behavior changes at school: Decreased concentration, lashing out, impaired academic performance, distrust of adults, trying to be the â€Å"perfect† student, neediness, withdrawal, impaired peer relationships, decreased enthusiasm and mood fluctuations. (Surviving the Break Up Chapter 15 and CD The Effects of the Divorce on Children) Depending on the response from the student when the teacher addressesShow MoreRelatedGrade Students With Low Reading Comprehension Level860 Words   |  4 Pagescarry a heavy burden with them as they enter high school. McCallumore and Sparapani (2010) point out that these students are coming from middle school with low reading comprehension level; therefore, they are behind before they begin. 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